With the wide application of 5G technology, its potential in supporting high-speed data transmission, low-latency communication and large-scale device connection is becoming increasingly prominent. In order to give full play to these technical characteristics, the performance optimization of 5G wireless communication networks is also required. This paper deeply analyzes the core technical characteristics of 5G networks, identifies the main bottlenecks of network performance, and formulates precise optimization goals based on this. Efficient and innovative optimization strategies and methods are designed, including dynamic spectrum allocation, resource scheduling algorithm optimization and application network slicing technology, and proposes a complete performance optimization process.