In this paper, the factors affecting transmission delay in optical fiber communication systems are deeply analyzed, and technical solutions to reduce delay are discussed, including optimizing signal processing, improving physical layer equipment, and adjusting network architecture. In addition, the application potential of emerging technologies (such as machine learning and software-defined networking) in transmission delay optimization is evaluated. Through theoretical research and experimental verification, a comprehensive technical solution is proposed, which aims to provide a systematic solution strategy for the delay problem of optical fiber communication systems to support the growing demand for high-speed data transmission.