In this paper, an intelligent data management system based on computer operating system is designed and implemented, which aims to improve the efficiency and security of data management. The system adopts log structure file system, hash sharding technology, dynamic scheduling algorithm and retrieval method combined with inverted index and B + tree, which realizes efficient data storage, scheduling and retrieval. The experimental results show that the system performs well in large scale data processing and multi-task environment, and has high resource utilization and data distribution balance. At the same time, by applying advanced encryption standard encryption and role access control mechanism, the system provides reliable protection for data security.